Anatomy & Physiology Essay Example for Free

Anatomy Physiology EssayIn this assignment the c one timept of homeostasis im government agency be explained and the likely homeostatic responses to changes in the intragroup environment during exercise volition be discussed. Homeostasis is al star how the proboscis keeps conditions inside the kindred. It is described as the principal(prenominal)tenance of a constant internal environment. Generally, the ashes is in homeostasis when its needs ar met and its aiming properly. Every organ in the form contributes to homeostasis. A convoluted set of chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact in complex ways, both helping the psycheate opus it flora to adjudge homeostasis. In homeostasis in that respect is the concept of Negative feed keep going which ensures that, in every learn schema, changes atomic number 18 transposed and re dour back to the set level. at that place ar four different homeostatic mechanisms for regulation these four ar the heart lay, eupnoeic enumerate, soundbox temperature and pitch glucose levels.Negative feedback arranging is made out of receptors to detect change, a control centre to receive the information and process the response and effectors to reverse the change and re-establish the original state. (Anatomy Physiology, 2013) The involuntary nervous arranging controls the heart and has 2 branches the forgiving nervous system and the para merciful nervous system. When the organic structure is undergoing muscular die, fear or tenseness the sympathetic nervous system allow be active. When the sympathetic nervous system is active it leave behind produce every heartbeat to increase in enduringness and heart rate. During resting, peace and contentment the parasympathetic nervous system is active and it calms the heart output. During periods of fright, flight and date the sympathetic nervous system is boosted by the hormone epinephrine. The steel of the adrenaline are the cardiac nerves. A sp ecial cluster of excitable cells are supplied by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in the upper break in of the right atrium. We call this the peace compelr in general terms.A connection of impulses from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves acting on the sino-atrial (the pacemaker) regulates the activity of the heart to suit situations from minute to minute, hour to hour and day to day. Thesino-atrial thickening sends out a cluster of nerve impulses every few seconds close to the branching network of atrial vigour fibres to cause contr action mechanism. The impulses are caught by a different grouping of cells forming the atrioventricular node and pass oned to a band of wizing tissue made of big, modified muscle cells called Purkinje fibres. In the atrioventricular node the transmission of impulses is delayed slightly to enable the atria to complete their contractions and the atrioventricular valves to live on to close. The muddle of heart valves is on a fibrous figure-of-eight between the atrial and ventricular muscle masses.(Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The lowest part of the caputpower is the medulla and is located above the spinal pile and is often known as the school principal stem.The two burning(prenominal) centres for control of the heart rate are located in the virtuoso stem. These are called the cardiac centres. The sympathetic fibres descend done the spinal cord from the vasomotor centre while the cardio-inhibitory centre is in charge of the origins of the parasympathetic fibres of the vagus nerve deriveing the sino-atrial node. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) Baroreceptors are found in the walls of the aorta and they detect changes in telephone line coerce. If in the arteries a small upward change in rake pressure happens it often indicates that additional consanguinity has been pumped out by the ventricles as result of the extra line of business that enters the heart on the venous or right side. When the baroreceptors detect the change they relay the information in nerve impulses to the cardiac centres. Movement in the vagus nerve slows the heart rate come out and reduces the high blood pressure to average.Thermo receptors are receptors that are sensitive to temperature and they are present in the fight and deep inside the dead automobile trunk. Also they relay information through nerve impulses to the hypothalamus this is a part of the conceiver which activates appropriate feedback systems. During fear, stress and exertion, the adrenal gland releases a hormone called circulating adrenaline. Circulating adrenaline stimulates the sino-atrial node to work faster, therefore boosting the effect of the sympathetic nervous system. The hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system when thermo receptors indicate a rise in proboscis temperature to the brain. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated it causes the heart rate to increase. Our rate of ventilation is mai nly on automatic pilot and do not notice little variations that are the result of homeostatic regulations. We are muchover voluntarily controlling our breathingwhen taking deep breaths, utterance or holding a breath.Breathing rate increase slightly when metabolism produces extra cytosine dioxide until this surplus is blown off in expiration. Also a period of forced ventilation will decrease the carbon paper dioxide levels in the body and homeostatic mechanisms will slow or stop breathing until levels run to normal. A period of forced ventilation ordure be for example gasping.(Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) Internal receptors relay nervous impulses to the brain about the status of ventilation from the degree of stretch of muscles and former(a) tissues when they function as stretch receptors in muscles and tissues. Changes in chemical stimuli are detected by che moreceptors and they tote up the brain with the information. There are to chemoreceptors the central and computer peripheral. The central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla of the brain and monitors H+ ion concentration. When H+ ion concentration is increased it causes increase in ventilation rate. Peripheral chemoreceptors increase ventilation when atomic number 8 levels decrease. Peripheral monitors changes in oxygen. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The respiratory system has a dual autonomic supply.The sympathetic causes the bronchial muscle to relax and the parasympathetic causes the bronchial muscle to contract. This causes narrowing in bronchi. Vagus means a wanderer and the vagus nerves is so called because it wanders all over, supplying internal organs. Sympathetic nerves cut from the places where nerves interconnect, to run to the bronchi, these places are called a chain of ganglia.(Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The upper part of the brain is called cerebral cortex this part of the brain is responsible for voluntary control of breathing. The respiratory centre, similarly ca lled the involuntary centre is found in the medulla and the pons. Each centre receives information of internal receptors about the state of ventilation. The respiratory pacemaker and the respiratory centre are similar to each other. The inspiratory and expiratory centres are two groups of nerve cells. If one is active the other one is inhibited.The inspiratory centre is actively sending nerve impulses to the nerve to the diaphragm, the phrenic nerve, and the thoracic nerves are sending impulses to the intercostal muscles which cause contraction and the contraction results in inspiration. inhalant stops when the stretch receptors send bursts of impulses to the inspiratory centre. These bursts of impulses indicate that the chest and lungs are fullyexpanded, and the flow of impulses subsides, releasing the expiratory centre from inhibition. The expiratory centre then sends nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles which causes relaxation and expiration. The information that comes fro m the other internal receptors, for instance the chemoreceptors (which effects the homeostatic regulation) monitors and modifies the cycle.The body predicts the changes before an psyche starts the exercise, this is because the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated. Also adrenaline is released to rise cardiac output and stroke volume. When arterioles become narrow the blood pressure increases, whereas the arterioles in the muscle relax. The extra oxygen that is needed is received by an increase in blood flow and ventilation rate. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The only animals that can survive in tropical and polar regions of the earth are human beings. This is because the efficient thermos-regulatory homeostatic processes and the use of intelligence (for shelter and clothing), which mean that body temperature changes only slightly. The greatness is to keep all the organs and cells at a normal temperature while allowing the periphery to adapt to changing conditions of external temperature. When body temperature is too low the piss component of the body will freeze and when body temperature is too high, enzymes and body proteins will be altered or denatured (form will alter).It wouldnt be possible to live in these conditions therefore homeostatic regulation of body temperature is vital. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The fight plays an important type in regulation of body temperature. It covers the external draw close of the body and it actually is the largest organ. The clamber, protects the underlying tissues against friction damage, pissingproofs the body, protects against ultra-violet radiation, protects deeper structures from encroachment by micro-organisms, relays nerve impulses generated from the specialised climb sensory receptors for awaken, cold, touch, pain and pressure, therefore informing the brain of changes in the environment and the skin synthesises vitamin D from sunlight acting on the adipose layer. When cells are shed from the surface layers, new cells will form to replace them and this happens continuously. The skin is an important part of our in-built or innate immunity. The skin forms a waterproof layer and a microbe-proof covering.The skin has a major role in the homeostatic regulation of body temperature and is considered to be part of our nervous system this isbecause of his sensitivity. Throughout the body the thickness of the skin will differ, for instance over the eyelids and lips and on the soles of the feet. The skin is divided into an outer thinner layer and a deeper layer. The outer thinner layer is called the epidermis and the deeper layer is called the dermis. The deeper layer covers adipose, areolar, striated muscle and some cartilage and bone. bull follicles run sight into the dermis and produce hairs made of keratin. Sebaceous glands that coat the surface in tomentous parts are link to the hairs that are made of keratin. The epidermis gets penetrated by sweat ducts as they emerge fro m the actual sweat gland in the dermis. The dermis is connective tissue, most likely areolar in which blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, elastic and collagen fibres intermingle. In the basal layer we can find collections of pigment cells, also known as melanocytes and they produce skin colour.Specialised receptors for temperature changes, pain, touch and pressure are formed by nerve endings. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The metabolic processes that take place in the body generate heat. goose egg is released during chemical reaction for muscle contraction but some of this efficiency is released as heat. The body gains some heat from red-hot foods and drinks and sometimes from the suns rays. Most heat is gained of chemical reactions that take place in the coloured, the liver-colored is a massive generator of heat but it doesnt feel hot because the blood distributes this heat around the body.(Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The receptor for heat temperature and cold temperatur e can be found in the peripheral skin and around the internal organs. These receptors are specially adapted cells with nerve fibres that run up the spinal cord to the temperature control centre in the hypothalamus of the brain.Nerve impulses get send by the hypothalamus to muscles, sweat glands and skin blood vessels. This causes changes that counteract the external changes. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) The parasympathetic nervous system helps the unstriated muscle coats of the skin arterioles to relax, but has no epochal role in thermo-regulation. The sympathetic nervous systems function is to control sweat glands and the lineament of the arterioles. While thermoreceptors tell the hypothalamus in the brain that the temperature is rising, arterioles are expanded to let extra heat reach the surface of the skin and sweat glands get activated by the sympathetic nerves at the kindred time. When arterioles expand it will increase heat loss by radiation anddisappearance of sweat. Whe n the essential temperature is change magnitude (cooling down), the sympathetic is active causing contraction of the arterioles but there is no sweat its turned off. This makes the skin colder to touch and reduces heat loss and therefore it preserves the essential temperature.Essential temperature dominates the peripheral skin thermoreceptors when conflicting information is received is the reason of the colder skin and reduced heat loss. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) An increase in glucose will stimulate the production of the hormone insulin from the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Glucose is produced by digestive enzymes when carbohydrates are broken down. The functions of insulin are to regulate the concentration of glucose in the blood and to increase the passage of glucose into actively respiring body cells by active absorption. Very little glucose is able to pass through cell membranes without insulin expect of liver cells, and so the plasma level of glucose rises. Individuals who have diabetes mellitus, which is caused by a lack of insulin, that are not case-hardened will have high plasma glucose levels and this can lead to other biochemical disturbances. Glucose hardly varies at all in healthy people this is because the liver cells that are controlled by insulin convert glucose into liver animal starch for storage.Another hormone, glucagon, from the alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, is secreted when blood glucose starts to fall as a result of fasting or being used up by respiring cells. The secreted hormone converts liver animal starch back into glucose for release into the bloodstream. These two hormones control the amount of glucose in the blood plasma by negative feedback mechanisms and they both have receptors attached to their islet cells to recognize increase and decrease in plasma glucose levels. Also the conversion of glucose into fat is promoted by insulin and insulin delays the conversion of amino acids int o energy. It is important to identify the role of another hormone, adrenaline, in the homeostasis of glucose. Adrenal glands release adrenaline when the sympathetic nervous system is active under stressful conditions, adrenaline acts aggressively to insulin and it dominates it, to adapt glycogen in the liver to glucose.This provides energy for muscles to become active under emergency conditions. After the emergency, insulin will once more become active and investment firm any surplus as before. (Aldworth and Billingham, 2010) In conclusion, the concept of homeostasis is explained andthe probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise are discussed. In this assignment I will be explaining why homeostasis occurs during exercise and how the body responses to homeostasis during exercise. There are two types of exercise aerobic and anaerobic. anaerobiotic exercise builds muscle, power and strength. When you do anaerobic exercise, your muscles are e xercising at high intensity in a short time. This short time is usually not more than about two minutes. aerobic exercise is done at moderate level of intensity for longer periods (at least 20 minutes). aerobic is to improve the bodys consumption of oxygen and involves mainly the large muscle groups.Homeostasis is the process by which the internal environment of the body relatively stable even with changes in the external environment. Homeostasis makes it able for the body to adapt to several conditions, for example an average human body temperature is 37 degrees. This varies slightly from individual to individual. When the temperature remote decreases your body will maintain the same temperature. This proves your body has the ability to regulate its own temperature. This is not only with body temperature but there are many other ways in which your body regulates itself, specially during exercise.In order to maintain its normal state the body must account for and adjust function s inside the body, whenever your body feels a change on the outside. Most of the time people sweat without even thinking of why your body is suddenly dripping in moisture. During exercise, there will be a wide swear of effects on the systems deep down the body. Each system strives to help create enough energy to act up exercising, also to help the body recover after exercise.This use of energy has several effects on the bodys homeostasis including increased heart rate, breathing rate and sweat rate.(wiseGEEK, 2015) Homeostasis and exercise must work together within the human body to ensure that the pulmonary, heart and muscle system function properly. deuce common forms of exercise are lifting weights or jogging down the street, these two exercises produce a stress or strain on the body. During give the axements of the exercise the muscles must react fast, while blood flow and oxygen levels must be redirected to compensate for the extra energy use. If an individual is jogging h is breathing rate has to be higher than a person who is resting. If the individual has a lack of oxygen to any vital body system it will result in cellular damage, or injury. The extra oxygen that enters thejoggers lungs, which comes through the pulmonary system, helps to return equilibrate to the body. Homeostasis refers to the human bodys balance among all vital support systems. When oxygen intake increases, the muscles will produce more adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenosine triphosphate is needed for continued muscular case.The heart is the main muscle that is affected by exercise and homeostasis. During exercise the heart must beat quicker to move oxygen-rich blood out to the skeletal muscles for motion. When the individual slows the exercise, the heart will respond to the change in homeostasis by reducing the pumping action. Until the individual is at rest, the body will continue to change its functions to maintain homeostasis.(wiseGEEK, 2015) The cardiovascular system has chemoreceptors which are located in two places in the carotid arteries that run through the neck to the brain and in the aortic arch, which is an arterial feature near the heart. Some of the most essential chemoreceptors notice carbon dioxide. When the chemoreceptors sense high levels of carbon dioxide during exercise, the breathing rate and heart rate is going to increase to claim the waste product from the blood. The chemoreceptors work with the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system, since the cardiovascular system gets carbon dioxide to the lungs for extermination and the lungs need to work harder to exhale the carbon dioxide.During exercise the blood flow supply routes change within the body. To enhance oxygen supply to the muscle cells, the stress placed across the muscular system requires more blood than normal. The body switches blood normally directed toward digestion or nervous system activities to the skeletal muscles, in response to the exercise and homeosta sis requirements. Removing the stress on the muscles will result that the blood flow returns to its normal routes to come through a resting homeostasis. In relation to exercise and homeostasis, body temperature is an important consideration. During exercise your bodys system for regulating works quicker and harder. Heat production by the body can cause your internal temperature to rise up to as high as 40 C. This can possibly lead to shameful complications.Homeostasis occurs during exercise by allowing the body to sweat. Homeostasis occurs by allowing the body to sweat. The lossof sweat from the skin cools the body down, which results in boilers suit temperature balance to allow continued exercise without overheating. During exercise your metabolic rate increases. Heat is produced duringmetabolism. An increase in metabolic rate also increases heat production. The change in body temperature during exercise is produced by the action of large muscle groups contracting. The more heat that is produced means the higher the temperature during exercise. Muscles that have enough energy store fat for a short burst of activity, after thisthey rely on increased blood supply to deliver oxygen, blood profit and other nutrients to produce more energy. The human body burns the sugar in the blood and calls for the liver to supply stored glucose to keep up with energy demands, which causes variation in the blood sugar when exercising. Your muscles start calling for nutrients, as you warm up, to produce energy. Energy supplies are glucose that is carried in the blood and delivered to the muscles and free fatty acids, which is a type of lipid that is carried in the blood that provides energy when glucose is decreased.Using energy during exercise assists in balancing high blood sugar and provides fuel at the same time. Energy supply increases at the same time as blood flow to the muscles increases. The muscle cells refer signals to start burning glucose, and more of it is deli vered to the cells which lower the blood sugar levels. During exercise the amount of oxygen available in the bloodstream increases, but the body must get rid of carbon dioxide from the blood at the same rate. When the body cells make energy, carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. The carbon dioxide goes back into the bloodstream and from there it will flow through the veins back to the lungs where the carbon dioxide will be exhaled out of the body. Your breathing rate must continue to stay at a high level, to maintain balance. Now the lungs can drum out the extra carbon dioxide being produced by the muscle cells during exercise. When the individual stops exercising and the cells turn back to normal energy needs, there will be less carbon dioxide that is created. This allows the breathing rate to return to normal.In this assignment Im going to explain the importance of homeostatic within the body. Homeostasis is the control of internal situations it maintains a constant inte rnal environment by negative feedback. The human cells live and function in a certain temperature which means that they depend on the body environment. The body environment is unplowed under control by homeostasis and it keeps the condition exact for cells to function and live. If the cells dont get the accurate condition they wont be able to function properly. Certain process such(prenominal) as osmosis andenzymes will not function castigately. Homeostasis maintains the bodys water and salt balance, if the water and salt balance are in a good condition it will maintain the process of diffusion and osmosis. diffusion and osmosis is the transport of chemicals such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and dissolved food .The living cells depend on the movement of these chemicals around the body. The cells in our body are kept alive by chemical reactions the chemical reactions make the cells do their air.Enzymes speed the chemical reactions up which keep the cell alive and also enzymes ensure that the job is done. Homeostasis is responsible for maintaining a constant body temperature and enzymes work best at particular temperatures which is maintained by homeostasis, therefore homeostasis is very important to cells. (Bbc.co.uk, 2015) Negative feedback makes sure that, in any control system, changes are speechless and returned back to normal state, for instance keeping a constant body temperature even in a hot or cold environment. Shivering is a reflex which is controlled by the nervous system. Without homeostasis the human body would not be able to function in hot or cold temperature. Shivering is a way to warm the body up, because it generates heat. If an individual is cold, homeostasis occurs and sends signals to the body which causes the reflex of shivering. Sweating is the opposite of shivering. If the body has an absence of sweating, which is also defined as hyperhidrosis, it can affect small and large areas within the body.Sweat is important for the human body b ecause it keeps the human body cool, gets rid of excess body heat and protect from overheating. If an individual is not able to sweat it can be very dangerous, thats why it is important to maintain homeostasis. Not sweating in whenever the body is hot can lead to serious damages and injuries, such as coma and finis. It is important that the human body has homeostasis, because a failure in maintaining homeostasis can lead to death or diseases. For example heart failure can occur when negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed and unaccommodating positive feedback mechanisms take over. Diseases that can occur from a failure in maintaining homeostasis are diabetes, dehydration, hypoglycaemia, gout and any other diseases that are caused when toxin gets into the bloodstream. (wiseGEEK, 2015) A failure in maintaining energy balance can result in obesity and diabetes. Obesity is caused when a person overeats. The stomach releases a hormone which is called hormone ghrelin. This hormo ne goes to thebrain and increases a persons appetite. The answer will come from another hormone which is named Leptin this hormone is produced by cells in the fat tissue.Leptin goes to the brain and encourages a sense of satiety, or fullness. If the brain refuses to respond to ghrelin, an individual will keep feeling hungry. If the brain refuses to respond to the hormone Leptin, an individual will never be contented from a meal. Therefore a person will keep on eating and a person may overeat and this causes obesity. Homeostasis maintains energy balance. Without homeostasis an individual would overeat. (Biology-online.org, 2015) Homeostasis is also important in fighting viruses inside the body. For example if someone in your environment spread flu when he/she sneezed, your body will be affected. The body needs to fight off the entering virus, which likes living at normal body temperature. At 37 C the virus is able to breed and reproduce/multiply well, this will make the individual m ore prone to the illness as there is more bacteria to spread it. Although the body wants to maintain homeostasis and a normal temperature, but it would result that the virus takes over your entire body. Therefore the body temperature rises above the normal range.When the body temperature rises it makes the body an uncomfortable place to live for the virus. In hotter temperature, the virus will slow down and you immune system will be able to attack the virus. Therefore homeostasis is very important, it helps fighting illnesses. If homeostasis would be disrupted an individual would become sick. A failure in homeostasis can result in dehydration. Maintaining water balance is important for good functioning of nerves. The kidney can detect blood pressure and the brain can detect the amount of water in the blood. The brain makes the body thirsty when water levels in the body are low, while sending signals to the kidneys to retain more water. Dehydration occurs when there is too little wat er and it can cause kidney damage, heat cramps, shock, and coma and organ failure.However, when an individual drinks too much water, it can cause hyper hydration. Hyper hydration can lead to weakness, confusion, seizures and irritation. The human bodys weight is more than the half percentage of water. Homeostasis maintains the correct balance of water. (Balance, 2015) Homeostasis has a survival value, because it allows the human body to adapt in a changing environment. It deals with the temperature contrariety that a human faces when they step out their front door. The body will try to maintain a norm, the desired level ofa factor to achieve homeostasis. But it can only work within acceptable limits. In extreme condition the negative feedback mechanism can be disabled. In these circumstances, death can be caused unless there is medical treatment. (Biology-online.org, 2015)ReferencesAldworth, C. and Billingham, M. (2010).Health social care. Harlow Pearson. Balance, H. (2015). How H omeostasis Keeps Your System in Balance For Dummies. online Dummies.com. acquirable at http//www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-homeostasis-keeps-your-system-in-balance.html Accessed 27 Feb. 2015. Bbc.co.uk, (2015).BBC GCSE Bitesize Why is homeostasis important for cells?. online Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_pre_2011/homeostasis/importancerev1.shtml Accessed 27 Feb. 2015. 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The Classroom Synonym, (2015).Homeostasis. online Available at http//classroom.synonym.com/rad-results.html?google_kw=Homeostasiscategory=subcategory=School+Subjectsmedia_type=Articlechannel=4449597176google_rt=ChBU8E7IAA3SXQrbO4SvAEfHEgtIb21lb3N0YXNpcxoIltKWAN_kRPQoAVITCOvqm_H8gcQCFQth2wodoyQAXggoogle_page_url=http%3A%2F%2Fclassroom.synonym.com%2Fhomeostasis-fails-19395.html Accessed 27 Feb. 2015. wiseGEEK, (2015). wiseGEEK percipient answers for common questions. online Available at http//www.wisegeek.com